Worked Example: ArrayLists

Section 13.13 Worked Example: ArrayLists - Average

Subgoals for Evaluating ArrayLists.

Declaring and initialization of an ArrayList
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1. Set up a one-dimensional dynamic list (initially empty or with a specified initial capacity)
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2. Upon instantiation, an ArrayList contains zero elements initially, but elements can be added dynamically using add(). Elements not yet added do not exist until explicitly inserted.
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Determine access or change of element, or action on entire ArrayList object, and update elements as needed (remembering assignment subgoals)
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Accessing an ArrayList element
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1. Evaluate expression within get(index) which will be the index for the element to be accessed
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2. arrayListName.get(index) returns the value stored at that index
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3. index must be between 0 and arrayListName.size() - 1, inclusive; otherwise IndexOutOfBoundsException occurs
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Changing value of an ArrayList element
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1. Evaluate expression within set(index, value) which will be the index for the element to be replaced
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2. arrayListName.set(index, value) replaces the element at index with the specified value
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3. (remember the assignment subgoals for verifying data types and evaluating expressions)
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4. (remember rules for index values)
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Whole ArrayList actions
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1. Passing as argument - a copy of the reference to the instantiated ArrayList is passed to the method. This means that any changes made to the elements inside the method persist outside the method. The exception is if the argument is assigned to reference a different ArrayList inside the method.
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2. Assignment - changes the reference to point to the ArrayList on the right-hand side of the assignment operator.
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Subsection 13.13.1

Problem: Assume that the Integer ArrayList alpha has been properly declared and initialized with non-default values. What does this code accomplish?

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int sum = 0;
double avg = 0.0;
for (int i = 0; i < alpha.size(); i++)
    sum = sum + alpha.get(i);
if (alpha.size() != 0)
    avg = (sum * 1.0)  / alpha.size();

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Subsection 13.13.2 SG1: Declaring and initialization of ArrayList

There is no explicit declaration or initialization of an ArrayList within the code. However, within the code there are .get() method calls, so we know we are accessing an ArrayList.

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alpha is an ArrayList of Integers and has values, but we don’t know what those values are
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however, we can still diagram a representation of this ArrayList
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notice that the largest index is size - 1
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notice that alpha.size() - 1 is the same value as size - 1
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Subsection 13.13.3 SG2: Determine access or action

Within the loop, we are accessing ArrayList elements.

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Subsection 13.13.4 Evaluating code

int sum = 0;
double avg = 0.0;

The first two lines are declaring two variables, an integer to hold the sum of all the values in the ArrayList and a double to hold the average of the values.

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References to the ArrayList are in the loop and selection statements:

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for (int i = 0; i < alpha.size(); i++)
   sum = sum + alpha.get(i);

This loop has index i go from 0 to size - 1 (<size()) by increments of 1.
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Then the value at alpha.get(i) is added to sum, an int.
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This is the same loop from the Section 13.9 example.

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if (alpha.size() != 0)
   avg = (sum * 1.0) / alpha.size();

If the size of the ArrayList is not 0, then it is divided by the number of values in alpha.
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All indexes into the ArrayList are valid, and all assignments are valid.
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Let us trace with a sample ArrayList.

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First, sum and avg are both initialized to zero values, and then a for-loop is used to traverse the ArrayList to calculate the sum. The chart below uses one line to represent the memory and calculations during each iteration of the loop, starting when i has a value of zero.

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Next we look at the selection statement:

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if (alpha.size() != 0)
   avg = (sum * 1.0) / alpha.size();

In our sample, alpha.size() is 5, and 60 divided by 5 is 12, for a final value of 12 in avg.

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Why have the selection statement? What if the ArrayList has been declared, but has no values? Then its size is 0 – and we would be dividing by 0! An exception! So we guard against this by checking the size.

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Why do we need to multiply sum by 1.0? Remember, an int divided by an int is always an int! Our sample did not have any remainder or decimal value, but that might not always be the case. So we need to make sure that either the divisor or dividend is a double; and one way to do this without affecting the value is to multiply it by 1.0. Another way would be to add 0.0 to the value. Still another way would be to cast the value as a double.

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So an alternate equivalent code might be:

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if (alpha.size() != 0)
    avg = (double) sum / alpha.size();

What does this code accomplish?

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Answer.

avg contains the average of the values in the ArrayList alpha or 0 if alpha is empty.

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Subsection 13.13.5 Practice Pages

ArrayLists-WE6-P1

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