Welcome to Programming and Data Structures

The & symbol when used to the left of a variable name and not as part of a variable or parameter declaration.

A has-a relationship between objects where there is no ownership. The aggregated object may or may not exist; it may be shared by multiple aggregating objects; it may persist after the aggregating object is gone.

To take a pointer (memory address) and go to the think it points at. Performed using the * or -> operator.

A variable that holds a memory address is known as a “pointer” because it “points” at that memory, allowing us to use the pointer to access the memory.

A symbol that stands for the memory address 0. 0 is never is a valid address for a program to try to access. So setting pointers to store nullptr when they have no valid value to point at makes it easy to check if the pointer is valid or not.