Exception Types

Section 10.9 Exception Types

exception is a broad category that includes many different more specific types of exception. Here are a few examples:

out_of_range A parameter specifies a bad index.

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system_error An error happened with something like reading a file.

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logic_error Some violation of the internal logic of the program.

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When you catch an exception, it includes all of those different types. But it is possible to catch more specific types. It is also possible to catch multiple different types of exception and respond differently to each:

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try {
    // something that could go bad in different ways
} catch (const out_of_range& e) {
    // handle out_of_range exception
} catch (const system_error& e) {
    // handle system_error exception
} catch (const exception& e) {
    // handle other exceptions
} catch (...) {
    // handle all other exceptions
}

When there are multiple catch blocks attached to a single try, they will be checked in order until one matches. Once a catch handles the exception, the rest of the catches are ignored. So the most specific catch should be first, followed by less specific ones. Thus we have exception after the other two more specific exception types.

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The final catch in this sample specifies .... That is a way to catch absolutely anything that was thrown. Instead of throwing one of the standard exception types, code can throw its own custom exception types, or some other type of data completely. The ... will catch any of those things.

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If no catch matches what was thrown, then the exception will propagate up to the next function as if there was no catch.

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Note 10.9.1.

In this book, we will not worry too much about differentiating the various types of exception. Instead, we will generally just catch exception.

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