There are three logical operators: and, or, and not. The semantics (meaning) of these operators is similar to their meaning in English. For example, x > 0 and x < 10 is true only if x is greater than 0 and at the same time, x is less than 10. How would you describe this in words? You would say that x is between 0 and 10, not including the endpoints.
n % 2 == 0 or n % 3 == 0 is true if either of the conditions is true, that is, if the number is divisible by 2 or divisible by 3. In this case, one, or the other, or both of the parts has to be true for the result to be true.
Finally, the not operator negates a boolean expression, so not x > y is true if x > y is false, that is, if x is less than or equal to y.
When trying to show how logical operators work, computer scientists and mathematicians alike will use truth tables. A truth table is a small table that lists all possible inputs on its left columns and then will display the output of its particular logical operator in the right column. Take the logical operator and for example:
Table7.2.1.
a
b
a and b
T
T
T
T
F
F
F
T
F
F
F
F
The T in the table stands for True while the F stands for False. Notice that when a and b are both True, the logcial operator and outputs True. This is exactly how we normally use “and” in everyday conversation. Here are the rest of the operators:
Table7.2.2.
a
b
a and b
a or b
not a
not b
T
T
T
T
F
F
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
T
F
F
F
F
F
T
T
Also, Google has provided this short video showing different logical operators:
In the video, each letter is representative of a logical operater and only shows its color when the corresponding x or y is showing in the second G. If you take a look at xor, you will notice it is only colorful when either x or y is showing, but not both. This is called exclusive or, which we will not be using.
Note7.2.3.WARNING!
There is a very common mistake that occurs when programmers try to write boolean expressions. For example, what if we have a variable number and we want to check to see if its value is 5,6, or 7. In words we might say: “number equal to 5 or 6 or 7”. However, if we translate this into Python, number == 5 or 6 or 7, it will not be correct. The or operator must join the results of three equality checks. The correct way to write this is number == 5 or number == 6 or number == 7. This may seem like a lot of typing but it is absolutely necessary. You cannot take a shortcut.
Check your understanding
Checkpoint7.2.4.
What is a correct Python expression for checking to see if a number stored in a variable x is between 0 and 5?
x > 0 and < 5
Each comparison must be between exactly two values. In this case the right-hand expression < 5 lacks a value on its left.
x > 0 or x < 5
Although this is legal Python syntax, the expression is incorrect. It will evaluate to true for all numbers that are either greater than 0 or less than 5. Because all numbers are either greater than 0 or less than 5, this expression will always be True.
x > 0 and x < 5
Yes, with an and keyword both expressions must be true so the number must be greater than 0 an less than 5 for this expression to be true. Although most other programming languages do not allow this mathematical syntax, in Python, you could also write 0 < x < 5.
Checkpoint7.2.5.
Say you are registering for next semester’s classes. You have choice A, which is your art class, and choice B, which is your math class. You need both of them, but it’s a race between time and luck. If you end up registering on time for choice A, but you don’t get your choice B, which logical operators would be true?
A and B
Both A and B need to be True in order for this to be True.
A or B
Either A or B need to be True in order for this to be True.
not A
A needs to be False in order for this to be True.
not B
B needs to be False in order for this to be True.
Subsection7.2.2Logical Opposites
Each of the six relational operators has a logical opposite: for example, suppose we can get a driving licence when our age is greater or equal to 17, we can not get the driving licence when we are less than 17.
Table7.2.6.
Operator
Definiton
Logical Opposites
==
Equals to
!=
!=
Not Equals to
==
<
Less than
>=
<=
Less Than or Equal to
>
>
Greater Than
<=
>=
Greater Than or Equal to
<
Understanding these logical opposites allows us to sometimes get rid of not operators. not operators are often quite difficult to read in computer code, and our intentions will usually be clearer if we can eliminate them.
For example, if we wrote this Python:
if not (age >= 17):
print("Hey, you're too young to get a driving licence!")
it would probably be clearer to use the simplification laws, and to write instead:
if age < 17:
print("Hey, you're too young to get a driving licence!")
Two powerful simplification laws (called de Morgan’s laws) that are often helpful when dealing with complicated Boolean expressions are:
not (x and y) == (not x) or (not y)
not (x or y) == (not x) and (not y)
For example, suppose you want to update your phone; however, your phone will only update if it has at least 50% battery life and 15% of its storage available. As we look at the Python code for this, we see:
if not ((phone_charge >= 0.50) and (phone_storage >= .15)):
print("You cannot restart your phone. Battery too low or not enough free space.")
else:
print("Updating now...Several restarts may be required.")
Applying rules of logical opposites would let us rework the condition in a (perhaps) easier to understand way like this:
if (phone_charge < 0.50) or (phone_storage < .15):
print("You cannot restart your phone. Battery too low or not enough free space.")
else:
print("Updating now...Several restarts may be required.")
We could also get rid of the not by swapping around the then and else parts of the conditional. So here is a third version, also equivalent:
if (phone_charge >= 0.50) and (phone_storage >= .15):
print("Updating now...Several restarts may be required.")
else:
print("You cannot restart your phone. Battery too low or not enough free space.")
This version is probably the best of the three, because it very closely matches the initial English statement. Clarity of our code (for other humans), and making it easy to see that the code does what was expected should always be a high priority.
As our programming skills develop we’ll find we have more than one way to solve any problem. So good programs are designed. We make choices that favour clarity, simplicity, and elegance. The job title software architect says a lot about what we do — we are architects who engineer our products to balance beauty, functionality, simplicity and clarity in our creations.
