10.5. Advanced Text Parsing

with open("romeo2.txt", "r") as filename: lines = filename.readlines() counts = {} for line in lines: for word in line.split(): if word not in counts.keys(): counts[word] = 1 else: counts[word] += 1 print(counts)

In the above example using the file romeo.txt, we made the file as simple as possible by removing all punctuation by hand. The actual text has lots of punctuation, as shown below.

But, soft! what light through yonder window breaks?
It is the east, and Juliet is the sun.
Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon,
Who is already sick and pale with grief,

Since the Python split function looks for spaces and treats words as tokens separated by spaces, we would treat the words “soft!” and “soft” as different words and create a separate dictionary entry for each word.

Also since the file has capitalization, we would treat “who” and “Who” as different words with different counts.

We can solve both these problems by using the string methods lower, punctuation, and translate. The translate is the most subtle of the methods. Here is the documentation for translate:

line.translate(str.maketrans(fromstr, tostr, deletestr))

Replace the characters in ${\displaystyle }$fromstr${\displaystyle }$ with the character in the same position in ${\displaystyle }$tostr${\displaystyle }$ and delete all characters that are in ${\displaystyle }$deletestr${\displaystyle }$. The ${\displaystyle }$fromstr${\displaystyle }$ and ${\displaystyle }$tostr${\displaystyle }$ can be empty strings and the ${\displaystyle }$deletestr${\displaystyle }$ parameter can be omitted.

We will not specify the tostr but we will use the deletestr parameter to delete all of the punctuation. We will even let Python tell us the list of characters that it considers “punctuation”:

Q-2: Which line of code correctly uses the .translate() method?

• line.translate(str.maketrans(fromstr, tostr, deletestr))
• Correct! In order to use .translate(), you have to map the translation using the .maketrans() method.
• line.translate(fromstr, tostr, deletestr)
• Try again! In order to use .translate(), you have to map the translation
• line.translate(str.translate(fromstr, tostr, deletestr))
• Try again! You have to map the translation using the .maketrans() method.

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>>> import string
>>> string.punctuation
'!"#$%&\'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\]^_`{|}~'

Note

The parameters used by translate were different in Python 2.0.

We make the following modifications to our program:

import string with open("romeo-full.txt", "r") as fhand: lines = fhand.readlines() counts = {} table = str.maketrans("", "", string.punctuation) for line in lines: line = line.translate(table) for word in line.split(): if word not in counts.keys(): counts[word] = 1 else: counts[word] += 1 print(counts)

Q-4: Which line(s) in the above activecode remove the punctuation from the text?

• line 7
• Try again! This line iterate line.split
• line 8
• Correct! This line creates the table, which tells the translate method what to change/remove.
• line 9
• Correct! This line runs the translate method, which is where the punctuation is filtered out.
• line 10
• Try again! This line translates the punctuation, but does not remove them.

Part of learning the “Art of Python” or “Thinking Pythonically” is realizing that Python often has built-in capabilities for many common data analysis problems. Over time, you will see enough example code and read enough of the documentation to know where to look to see if someone has already written something that makes your job much easier.

The following is an abbreviated version of the output:

Enter the file name: romeo-full.txt
{'swearst': 1, 'all': 6, 'afeard': 1, 'leave': 2, 'these': 2,
'kinsmen': 2, 'what': 11, 'thinkst': 1, 'love': 24, 'cloak': 1,
a': 24, 'orchard': 2, 'light': 5, 'lovers': 2, 'romeo': 40,
'maiden': 1, 'whiteupturned': 1, 'juliet': 32, 'gentleman': 1,
'it': 22, 'leans': 1, 'canst': 1, 'having': 1, ...}

Looking through this output is still unwieldy and we can use Python to give us exactly what we are looking for, but to do so, we need to learn about Python tuples. We will pick up this example once we learn about tuples.

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