3.7. Programs with Multiple Functions

When you look at a class definition that contains several functions, it is tempting to read it from top to bottom, but that is likely to be confusing, because that is not the order of execution of the program.

Note

The order of execution is not necessarily the order in which functions are defined! For example, the last function that you write might be the first one that you call in the main function.

Execution always begins at the first statement of main, regardless of where it is in the program** (often it is at the bottom). Statements are executed one at a time, in order, until you reach a function call. Function calls are like a detour in the flow of execution. Instead of going to the next statement, you go to the first line of the called function, execute all the statements there, and then come back and pick up again where you left off.

That sounds simple enough, except that you have to remember that one function can call another. Thus, while we are in the middle of main, we might have to go off and execute the statements in threeLine. But while we are executing threeLine, we get interrupted three times to go off and execute newLine.

Fortunately, C++ is adept at keeping track of where it is, so each time newLine completes, the program picks up where it left off in threeLine, and eventually gets back to main so the program can terminate.

This program calls the multiplyTwo and addTwo functions in the main. See if you can follow the order of execution.

#include <iostream> using namespace std; void printTotal (int x) { cout << x << endl; } int multiplyTwo (int x) { int total = x * 2; printTotal(total); return total; } int addTwo (int x) { int total = x + 2; return total; } int main () { int num = 3; int newNum = multiplyTwo(num); int newerNum = addTwo(newNum); printTotal(newerNum); return 0; }

What’s the moral of this sordid tale? When you read a program, don’t read from top to bottom. Instead, follow the flow of execution.

Q-2: Match the function to the order it is executed in the program above. Try again!
• multiplyTwo
• executes second
• printTotal
• executes third
• main
• executes first
• addTwo
• executes last

Q-3: Consider the following C++ code. Note that line numbers are included on the left.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void newLine () {
  cout << endl;
}

void threeLine () {
  newLine ();  newLine ();  newLine ();
}

int main () {
  cout << "First Line." << endl;
  threeLine ();
  cout << "Second Line." << endl;
  return 0;
}

Which of the following reflects the order in which these functions are executed in C++?

• newLine, threeLine, main

• Remember to follow the order of execution, which is not necessarily the order the program is written.

• newLine, threeLine, newLine, newLine, newLine, main

• Remember to follow the order of execution, which is not necessarily the order the program is written.

• main, threeLine, newLine, newLine, newLine

• Execution begins in the main, then functions are executed as they are called.

• main, threeLine

• Note that newLine is called inside of threeLine.

Q-4: Consider the following C++ code.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void yo () {
  cout << "yo, ";
}

void hello () {
  cout << "hello, ";
  yo(); yo();
}

void goodbye () {
  yo(); hello();
  cout << "goodbye,";
}

int main () {
  cout << "welcome, ";
  goodbye();
  return 0;
}

What is printed when the code is executed?

• “welcome, yo, hello, goodbye,”

• take into account hello also calls yo .

• “welcome, goodbye,”

• goodbye calls other functions that print output as well.

• “welcome, yo, hello, yo, yo, goodbye,”

• The order of calls and composition of yo in hello and both of those in goodbye produce this output.

• “yo, hello, yo, yo, goodbye,”

• Note that the main also prints something directly.

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