8.6. Conditional Execution: Binary Selection

In order to write useful programs, we almost always need the ability to check conditions and change the behavior of the program accordingly. Selection statements, sometimes also referred to as conditional statements, give us this ability. The simplest form of selection is the if statement. This is sometimes referred to as binary selection since there are two possible paths of execution.

x = 15 if x % 2 == 0: print(x, "is even") else: print(x, "is odd")

The syntax for an if statement looks like this:

if BOOLEAN EXPRESSION:
    STATEMENTS_1        # executed if condition evaluates to True
else:
    STATEMENTS_2        # executed if condition evaluates to False

The boolean expression after the if statement is called the condition. If it is true, then the indented statements get executed. If not, then the statements indented under the else clause get executed.

Flowchart of a if statement with an else

As with the function definition from the last chapter and other compound statements like for, the if statement consists of a header line and a body. The header line begins with the keyword if followed by a boolean expression and ends with a colon (:).

The indented statements that follow are called a block. The first unindented statement marks the end of the block.

Each of the statements inside the first block of statements is executed in order if the boolean expression evaluates to True. The entire first block of statements is skipped if the boolean expression evaluates to False, and instead all the statements under the else clause are executed.

There is no limit on the number of statements that can appear under the two clauses of an if statement, but there has to be at least one statement in each block.

Check your understanding

How many lines of code can appear in the indented code block below the if and else lines in a conditional?

• Just one.
• Each block may also contain more than one.
• Zero or more.
• Each block must contain at least one statement.
• One or more.
• Yes, a block must contain at least one statement and can have many statements.
• One or more, and each must contain the same number.
• The blocks may contain different numbers of statements.

What does the following code print? (choose from output a, b, c or nothing)

if (4 + 5 == 10):
    print("TRUE")
else:
    print("FALSE")

• TRUE
• TRUE is printed by the if-block, which only executes if the conditional (in this case, 4+5 == 10) is true. In this case 5+4 is not equal to 10.
• FALSE
• Since 4+5==10 evaluates to False, Python will skip over the if block and execute the statement in the else block.
• TRUE on one line and FALSE on the next
• Python would never print both TRUE and FALSE because it will only execute one of the if-block or the else-block, but not both.
• Nothing will be printed
• Python will always execute either the if-block (if the condition is true) or the else-block (if the condition is false). It would never skip over both blocks.

What does the following code print?

if (4 + 5 == 10):
    print("TRUE")
else:
    print("FALSE")
print("TRUE")

a. TRUE

b.
   TRUE
   FALSE

c.
   FALSE
   TRUE
d.
   TRUE
   FALSE
   TRUE

• Output a
• Although TRUE is printed after the if-else statement completes, both blocks within the if-else statement print something too. In this case, Python would have had to have skipped both blocks in the if-else statement, which it never would do.
• Output b
• Because there is a TRUE printed after the if-else statement ends, Python will always print TRUE as the last statement.
• Output c
• Python will print FALSE from within the else-block (because 5+4 does not equal 10), and then print TRUE after the if-else statement completes.
• Output d
• To print these three lines, Python would have to execute both blocks in the if-else statement, which it can never do.

Write code to assign the string "You can apply to SI!" to output if the string "SI 106" is in the list courses. If it is not in courses, assign the value "Take SI 106!" to the variable output.

courses = ["ENGR 101", "SI 110", "ENG 125", "SI 106", "CHEM 130"] ==== from unittest.gui import TestCaseGui class myTests(TestCaseGui): def testOne(self): self.assertEqual(output, "You can apply to SI!", "Testing that output has the correct value, given the courses list provided") self.assertIn("if", self.getEditorText(), "Testing output (Don't worry about actual and expected values).") myTests().main()

Create a variable, b, and assign it the value of 15. Then, write code to see if the value b is greater than that of a. If it is, a’s value should be multiplied by 2. If the value of b is less than or equal to a, nothing should happen. Finally, create variable c and assign it the value of the sum of a and b.

a = 20 ==== from unittest.gui import TestCaseGui class myTests(TestCaseGui): def testTwoA(self): self.assertEqual(a, 20, "Testing that a has the correct value.") def testTwoB(self): self.assertEqual(c, 35, "Testing that c has the correct value.") myTests().main()

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