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Chapter 15 Exercises

Below is a selection of images that you can use in the programs in this section.

beach.jpg	baby.jpg	vangogh.jpg	swan.jpg

puppy.jpg	kitten.jpg	girl.jpg	motorcycle.jpg

gal1.jpg	guy1.jpg	gal2.jpg

Note

Remember that it can take a bit of time to process all the pixels in a picture! Check for errors below the code if it is taking a long time, but if you don’t see any errors just wait.

1. Make changes to 10 lines in the code below so that it runs. It changes areas that look red in the original to green.

   from import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("gal2.jpg") # LOOP THROUGH ALL PIXELS for x in range(img.getWidth()): for y in range(img.getHeight()) p = img.getPixel(x, y) r = p.getRed() g = p.getGreen() b = p.getBlue() # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if r > 200 and g < 100 and b < 100: # CREATE THE COLOR newPixel = Pixel(0, g, b) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win)

   Add image after the from in line 1. Add a : at the end of line 8. Indent lines 14 - 21 four spaces to the right.

   from image import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("gal2.jpg") # LOOP THROUGH ALL PIXELS for x in range(img.getWidth()): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) r = p.getRed() g = p.getGreen() b = p.getBlue() # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if r > 200 and g < 100 and b < 100: # CREATE THE COLOR newPixel = Pixel(0, g, b) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win)

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2. Fix the code below so that the red in the picture gets changed to blue.

   from image import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("girl.jpg") # LOOP THROUGH ALL PIXELS for x in range(img.getWidth()): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) r = p.getRed() g = p.getGreen() b = p.getBlue() # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if r < 150 and g > 100 and b > 100: # CREATE THE COLOR newPixel = Pixel(0, 0, 0) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win)

   Fix the indentation like below and make sure the change occurs when the red value is greater than 150 and the green and blue values are less than 100. Fix the colors of the new pixel by setting it to (0,0,b).

   from image import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("gal2.jpg") # LOOP THROUGH ALL PIXELS for x in range(img.getWidth()): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) r = p.getRed() g = p.getGreen() b = p.getBlue() # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if r > 200 and g < 100 and b < 100: # CREATE THE COLOR newPixel = Pixel(0, 0, b) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win)

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3. Fix the indention in the code below so that it runs correctly. It does a primitive form of edge detection by getting all of the pixels (except for the last row) and all the pixels to the right of those and determining if the difference between the average of the rgb values for the pixel and the pixel to the right are substantially different.

   from image import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("swan.jpg") # LOOP THROUGH ALL BUT LAST COLUMN for x in range(img.getWidth() - 1): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) p2 = img.getPixel(x + 1, y) r1 = p.getRed() g1 = p.getGreen() b1 = p.getBlue() average1 = (r1 + g1 + b1) / 3 r2 = p2.getRed() g2 = p2.getGreen() b2 = p2.getBlue() average2 = (r2 + g2 + b2) / 3 # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if abs(average2 - average1) > 10: newPixel = Pixel(0, 0, 0) else: newPixel = Pixel(255, 255, 255) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win)

   Indent lines 9 to 24 as shown below.

   from image import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("swan.jpg") # LOOP THROUGH ALL BUT LAST COLUMN for x in range(img.getWidth() - 1): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) p2 = img.getPixel(x + 1, y) r1 = p.getRed() g1 = p.getGreen() b1 = p.getBlue() average1 = (r1 + g1 + b1) / 3 r2 = p2.getRed() g2 = p2.getGreen() b2 = p2.getBlue() average2 = (r2 + g2 + b2) / 3 # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if abs(average2 - average1) > 10: newPixel = Pixel(0, 0, 0) else: newPixel = Pixel(255, 255, 255) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win)

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4. Fix and change the code to change just the background color from white to gray.

   # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("gal2.jpg") # LOOP THROUGH ALL PIXELS for x in range(img.getWidth()): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) r = p.getRed() g = p.getGreen() b = p.getBlue() # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if r > 0 and g > 0 and b > 0: # CREATE THE COLOR newPixel = Pixel(100, 100, 100) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, p) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win)

   Fix the indentation like below and then make sure the if statement only works for r,g,b values greater than 200. Also, make sure you set the pixel to the new pixel.

   from image import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("gal2.jpg") # LOOP THROUGH ALL PIXELS for x in range(img.getWidth()): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) r = p.getRed() g = p.getGreen() b = p.getBlue() # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if r > 200 and g > 200 and b > 200: # CREATE THE COLOR newPixel = Pixel(100, 100, 100) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win)

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5. Fix the indention in the code below so that it runs correctly. It posterizes a picture which means that it reduces all the colors in a picture to a small number of colors – like the ones you might use if you were making a poster..

   from image import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("beach.jpg") # LOOP THROUGH ALL PIXELS for x in range(img.getWidth()): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) r = p.getRed() g = p.getGreen() b = p.getBlue() # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if r < 120: r = 0 if r >= 120: r = 120 if g < 120: g = 0 if g >= 120: g = 120 if b < 120: b = 0 if b >= 120: b = 120 # CREATE THE COLOR newPixel = Pixel(r,g,b) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win)

   Indent lines 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27 as shown below.

   from image import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("beach.jpg") # LOOP THROUGH ALL PIXELS for x in range(img.getWidth()): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) r = p.getRed() g = p.getGreen() b = p.getBlue() # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if r < 120: r = 0 if r >= 120: r = 120 if g < 120: g = 0 if g >= 120: g = 120 if b < 120: b = 0 if b >= 120: b = 120 # CREATE THE COLOR newPixel = Pixel(r,g,b) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win)

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6. Fix the indentation so that the code puts the motorcycle on the beach. The code checks if the pixel isn’t white in the first image, and if it’s not, it places that pixel in the same location on the second image.

   from image import * # CREATE THE IMAGES img1 = Image("motorcycle.jpg") img2 = Image("beach.jpg") width1 = img1.getWidth() height1 = img1.getHeight() width2= img2.getWidth() height2 = img2.getHeight() maxWidth = min(width1,width2) maxHeight = min(height1,height2) # LOOP THROUGH THE PIXELS for x in range(maxWidth): for y in range(maxHeight): p1 = img1.getPixel(x, y) r1 = p1.getRed() g1 = p1.getGreen() b1 = p1.getBlue() # CHECK IF THE PIXEL ISN'T WHITE if r1 < 250 and g1 < 250 and b1 < 250: # COPY THE COLOR TO IMG2 img2.setPixel(x, y, p1) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img2.getWidth(),img2.getHeight()) img2.draw(win)

   Indent like below.

   from image import * # CREATE THE IMAGES img1 = Image("motorcycle.jpg") img2 = Image("beach.jpg") width1 = img1.getWidth() height1 = img1.getHeight() width2= img2.getWidth() height2 = img2.getHeight() maxWidth = min(width1,width2) maxHeight = min(height1,height2) # LOOP THROUGH THE PIXELS for x in range(maxWidth): for y in range(maxHeight): p1 = img1.getPixel(x, y) r1 = p1.getRed() g1 = p1.getGreen() b1 = p1.getBlue() # CHECK IF THE PIXEL ISN'T WHITE if r1 < 250 and g1 < 250 and b1 < 250: # COPY THE COLOR TO IMG2 img2.setPixel(x, y, p1) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img2.getWidth(),img2.getHeight()) img2.draw(win)

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7. Fix 5 errors in the code below. It will copy the non-white pixels from gal1.jpg to guy1.jpg.

   from image import * # CREATE THE IMAGES img1 = Image("gal1.jpg") img2 = Image(guy1.jpg") # LOOP THROUGH ALL THE PIXELS IN IMG1 for x in range(img1.getWidth(): for y in range(img1.getHeight()) p1 = img1.getPixel(x, ) r1 = p1.getRed() g1 = p1.getGreen() b1 = p1.getBlue() # CHECK IF THE PIXEL ISN'T WHITE if r1 < 250 and g1 < 250 b1 < 250: # COPY THE COLOR TO IMG2 img2.setPixel(x, y, p1) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img2.getWidth(),img2.getHeight()) img2.draw(win)

   Add a " after the ( on line 5. Add another ) before the : on line 8. Add a : on line 9. Add a y after the , on line 10. Add an and on line 16.

   from image import * # CREATE THE IMAGES img1 = Image("gal1.jpg") img2 = Image("guy1.jpg") # LOOP THROUGH ALL THE PIXELS IN IMG1 for x in range(img1.getWidth()): for y in range(img1.getHeight()): p1 = img1.getPixel(x, y) r1 = p1.getRed() g1 = p1.getGreen() b1 = p1.getBlue() # CHECK IF THE PIXEL ISN'T WHITE if r1 < 250 and g1 < 250 and b1 < 250: # COPY THE COLOR TO IMG2 img2.setPixel(x, y, p1) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img2.getWidth(),img2.getHeight()) img2.draw(win)

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8. Fix the 5 errors so that a swan in shown on a beach.

   from image import * # CREATE THE IMAGES img1 = Image(swan.jpg) img2 = Image("beach.jpg") width1 = img1.getWidth() height1 = img1.getHeight() width2= img2.getWidth() height2 = img2.getHeight() maxWidth = min(width1,width2) maxHeight = min(height1,height2) # LOOP THROUGH THE PIXELS for x in range(maxWidth): for y in range(maxHeight): p1 = img1.getPixel() r1 = p1.getRed g1 = p1.getGreen() b1 = p1.getBlue() # CHECK IF THE PIXEL ISN'T WHITE if r1 > 100 and g1 > 100 and b1 > 100 # COPY THE COLOR TO IMG2 img2.setPixel(x, y, pixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img2.getWidth(),img2.getHeight()) img2.draw(win)

   Add quotations around swan.jpg. The getPixel() should be getPixel(x,y). It should be getRed() instead of getRed. Add a colon after the if statement, and set the new pixel to (x,y,p1).

   from image import * # CREATE THE IMAGES img1 = Image("swan.jpg") img2 = Image("beach.jpg") width1 = img1.getWidth() height1 = img1.getHeight() width2= img2.getWidth() height2 = img2.getHeight() maxWidth = min(width1,width2) maxHeight = min(height1,height2) # LOOP THROUGH THE PIXELS for x in range(maxWidth): for y in range(maxHeight): p1 = img1.getPixel(x, y) r1 = p1.getRed() g1 = p1.getGreen() b1 = p1.getBlue() # CHECK IF THE PIXEL ISN'T WHITE if r1 > 100 and g1 > 100 and b1 > 100: # COPY THE COLOR TO IMG2 img2.setPixel(x, y, p1) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img2.getWidth(),img2.getHeight()) img2.draw(win)

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9. Change the code below to use if and else rather than two if statements per color. It posterizes an image.

   from image import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("beach.jpg") # LOOP THROUGH ALL PIXELS for x in range(img.getWidth()): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) r = p.getRed() g = p.getGreen() b = p.getBlue() # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if r < 120: r = 0 if r >= 120: r = 120 if g < 120: g = 0 if g >= 120: g = 120 if b < 120: b = 0 if b >= 120: b = 120 # CREATE THE COLOR newPixel = Pixel(r,g,b) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win)

   Change lines 18, 22, and 26 as shown below.

   from image import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("beach.jpg") # LOOP THROUGH ALL PIXELS for x in range(img.getWidth()): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) r = p.getRed() g = p.getGreen() b = p.getBlue() # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if r < 120: r = 0 else: r = 120 if g < 120: g = 0 else: g = 120 if b < 120: b = 0 else: b = 120 # CREATE THE COLOR newPixel = Pixel(r,g,b) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win)

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10. Fix the indentation in the code and change it so that it edges the motorcycle but the background is black and the motorcycle edging will be white.

    from image import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("motorcycle.jpg") # LOOP THROUGH ALL BUT LAST COLUMN for x in range(img.getWidth() - 1): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) p2 = img.getPixel(x + 1, y) r1 = p.getRed() g1 = p.getGreen() b1 = p.getBlue() average1 = (r1 + g1 + b1) / 3 r2 = p2.getRed() g2 = p2.getGreen() b2 = p2.getBlue() average2 = (r2 + g2 + b2) / 3 # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if abs(average2 - average1) > 10: newPixel = Pixel(0, 0, 0) else: newPixel = Pixel(255, 255, 255) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win)

    Fix the indentation like below and set the newPixel to be (255,255,255) if the absolute value of the difference of the averages is greater than 10. Otherwise the pixel should be (0,0,0).

    from image import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("motorcycle.jpg") # LOOP THROUGH ALL BUT LAST COLUMN for x in range(img.getWidth() - 1): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) p2 = img.getPixel(x + 1, y) r1 = p.getRed() g1 = p.getGreen() b1 = p.getBlue() average1 = (r1 + g1 + b1) / 3 r2 = p2.getRed() g2 = p2.getGreen() b2 = p2.getBlue() average2 = (r2 + g2 + b2) / 3 # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if abs(average2 - average1) > 10: newPixel = Pixel(255, 255, 255) else: newPixel = Pixel(0, 0, 0) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win)

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11. Change the following code into a procedure. It posterizes an image. Be sure to call it to test it.

    from image import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("beach.jpg") # LOOP THROUGH ALL PIXELS for x in range(img.getWidth()): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) r = p.getRed() g = p.getGreen() b = p.getBlue() # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if r < 120: r = 0 if r >= 120: r = 120 if g < 120: g = 0 if g >= 120: g = 120 if b < 120: b = 0 if b >= 120: b = 120 # CREATE THE COLOR newPixel = Pixel(r,g,b) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win)

    Define the procedure and then import the library and create the image. Pass the image to the posterize procedure.

    def posterize(img): # LOOP THROUGH ALL PIXELS for x in range(img.getWidth()): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) r = p.getRed() g = p.getGreen() b = p.getBlue() # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if r < 120: r = 0 if r >= 120: r = 120 if g < 120: g = 0 if g >= 120: g = 120 if b < 120: b = 0 if b >= 120: b = 120 # CREATE THE COLOR newPixel = Pixel(r,g,b) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win) from image import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("beach.jpg") posterize(img)

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12. Fix the 5 errors in the procedure so that it edges the motorcycle which means the image should only have 2 colors. The motorcycle should be one color, everything else should be the other color.

    def edger(img): # LOOP THROUGH ALL BUT LAST COLUMN for x in range(img.getWidth() ): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) p2 = img.getPixel(x + 1, y) r1 = p.getRed() g1 = p.getGreen() b1 = p.getBlue() average1 = (r1 + g1 + b1) / 3 r2 = p2.getRed() g2 = p2.getGreen() b2 = p2.getBlue() average2 = (r2 + g2 + b2) / 3 # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if abs(average2 - average1) > 10 newPixel = Pixel(0, 0, 0) else: newPixel = Pixel(255, 255, 255) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win) from image import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image(motorcycle.jpg) edger(img)

    The jpg file should be in quotations. You have to change line 3 to for x in range(img.getWidth() - 1):. Add a : after the if statement. Take the 2 lines where you show the changed image outside of the body of both for loops.

    def edger(img): # LOOP THROUGH ALL BUT LAST COLUMN for x in range(img.getWidth() - 1): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) p2 = img.getPixel(x + 1, y) r1 = p.getRed() g1 = p.getGreen() b1 = p.getBlue() average1 = (r1 + g1 + b1) / 3 r2 = p2.getRed() g2 = p2.getGreen() b2 = p2.getBlue() average2 = (r2 + g2 + b2) / 3 # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if abs(average2 - average1) > 10: newPixel = Pixel(0, 0, 0) else: newPixel = Pixel(255, 255, 255) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win) from image import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("motorcycle.jpg") edger(img)

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13. Change the following into a procedure. It changes areas that are mostly red looking to green. Be sure to call it to test it.

    from image import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("gal2.jpg") # LOOP THROUGH ALL PIXELS for x in range(img.getWidth()): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) r = p.getRed() g = p.getGreen() b = p.getBlue() # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if r > 200 and g < 100 and b < 100: # CREATE THE COLOR newPixel = Pixel(0, g, b) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win)

    Define the procedure and then import the library and create the image. Pass the image to the changeRedToGreen procedure.

    def changeRedToGreen(img): # LOOP THROUGH ALL PIXELS for x in range(img.getWidth()): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) r = p.getRed() g = p.getGreen() b = p.getBlue() # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if r > 200 and g < 100 and b < 100: # CREATE THE COLOR newPixel = Pixel(0, g, b) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win) from image import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("gal2.jpg") changeRedToGreen(img)

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14. The code below currently makes the picture gray. Change it so that it posterizes (reduce the number of colors) the image instead.

    from image import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("kitten.jpg") # LOOP THROUGH ALL PIXELS for x in range(img.getWidth()): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) r = p.getRed() g = p.getGreen() b = p.getBlue() # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if r < 120: r = 150 if r >= 120: r = 200 if g < 120: g = 150 if g >= 120: g = 200 if b < 120: b = 150 if b >= 120: b = 200 # CREATE THE COLOR newPixel = Pixel(r,g,b) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win)

    Set the values to the new color to 0 if the pixel color is less than 120 and 120 if it is greater than or equal to 120.

    from image import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("arch.jpg") # LOOP THROUGH ALL PIXELS for x in range(img.getWidth()): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) r = p.getRed() g = p.getGreen() b = p.getBlue() # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if r < 120: r = 0 if r >= 120: r = 120 if g < 120: g = 0 if g >= 120: g = 120 if b < 120: b = 0 if b >= 120: b = 120 # CREATE THE COLOR newPixel = Pixel(r,g,b) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win)

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15. Write the code to posterize a picture but use 3 values for each color instead of 2. Use 0 if the current value is less than 85, use 85 if the value is less than 170, else use 170.

    See the code in lines 16-33 for how to do this.

    from image import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("beach.jpg") # LOOP THROUGH ALL PIXELS for x in range(img.getWidth()): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) r = p.getRed() g = p.getGreen() b = p.getBlue() # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if r < 85: r = 0 elif r < 170: r = 85 else: r = 170 if g < 85: g = 0 elif g < 170: g = 85 else: g = 170 if b < 85: b = 0 elif b < 170: b = 85 else: b = 170 # CREATE THE COLOR newPixel = Pixel(r,g,b) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win)

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16. Fix the errors in the code and change the code to use if’s and else’s instead of just if’s.

    from image import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("arch.jpg") # LOOP THROUGH ALL PIXELS for x in range(img.getWidth() for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixels(x, y) r = p.getRed() g = p.getGreen() b = p.getBlue() # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if r < 120: r = 0 if r >= 120: r = 120 if g < 120: g = 0 if g >= 120: g = 120 if b < 120: b = 0 if b >= 120: b = 120 # CREATE THE COLOR newPixel = Pixel(r,g,b) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win)

    In line 7, add a ) and : to the end. In line 9, it should be getPixel(x,y) not getPixels(x,y). The change the image line of code should be in the body of the inner for loop. Change all the second if clauses to else clauses.

    from image import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("baby.jpg") # LOOP THROUGH ALL PIXELS for x in range(img.getWidth()): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) r = p.getRed() g = p.getGreen() b = p.getBlue() # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if r < 120: r = 0 else: r = 120 if g < 120: g = 0 else: g = 120 if b < 120: b = 0 else: b = 120 # CREATE THE COLOR newPixel = Pixel(r,g,b) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win)

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17. Write the code to do edge detection on a picture, but compare the curent pixel with the one below it rather than the one to the right.

    See the code below. Only lines 7 trough 10 needed to change. We now loop through all the columns and all but one of rows. We compare the pixel at the current x and y to the one at the same x but y+1.

    from image import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("swan.jpg") # LOOP THROUGH ALL BUT LAST ROW for x in range(img.getWidth()): for y in range(img.getHeight() - 1): p = img.getPixel(x, y) p2 = img.getPixel(x, y + 1) r1 = p.getRed() g1 = p.getGreen() b1 = p.getBlue() average1 = (r1 + g1 + b1) / 3 r2 = p2.getRed() g2 = p2.getGreen() b2 = p2.getBlue() average2 = (r2 + g2 + b2) / 3 # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if abs(average2 - average1) > 10: newPixel = Pixel(0, 0, 0) else: newPixel = Pixel(255, 255, 255) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win)

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18. Write a procedure that takes an image as a parameter and edges it using the colors blue and white.

    Define a procedure similar to the one below.

    from image import * def edgePicture(img): img = Image(img) # LOOP THROUGH ALL BUT LAST COLUMN for x in range(img.getWidth() - 1): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) p2 = img.getPixel(x + 1, y) r1 = p.getRed() g1 = p.getGreen() b1 = p.getBlue() average1 = (r1 + g1 + b1) / 3 r2 = p2.getRed() g2 = p2.getGreen() b2 = p2.getBlue() average2 = (r2 + g2 + b2) / 3 # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if abs(average2 - average1) > 10: newPixel = Pixel(0, 0, 255) else: newPixel = Pixel(255, 255, 255) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win) edgePicture("motorcycle.jpg")

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19. Write a procedure to remove the red on very red pixels (pixels that have a red value greater than 200 and a green and blue value of less than 100).

    Define the procedure and then import the library and create the image. Pass the image to the removeVeryRed procedure.

    def removeVeryRed(img): # LOOP THROUGH ALL PIXELS for x in range(img.getWidth()): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) r = p.getRed() g = p.getGreen() b = p.getBlue() # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if r > 200 and g < 100 and b < 100: # CREATE THE COLOR newPixel = Pixel(0, g, b) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win) from image import * # CREATE AN IMAGE FROM A FILE img = Image("gal2.jpg") removeVeryRed(img)

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20. Write a procedure that takes a picture as a parameter and converts all the red to grayscale.

    from image import * def redToGray(aPic): img = Image(aPic) # LOOP THROUGH ALL PIXELS for x in range(img.getWidth()): for y in range(img.getHeight()): p = img.getPixel(x, y) r = p.getRed() g = p.getGreen() b = p.getBlue() avg = (r + g + b) / 3 # VALUES FOR THE NEW COLOR if r > 200 and g < 100 and b < 100: # CREATE THE COLOR newPixel = Pixel(avg,avg,avg) # CHANGE THE IMAGE img.setPixel(x, y, newPixel) # SHOW THE CHANGED IMAGE win = ImageWin(img.getWidth(),img.getHeight()) img.draw(win) redToGray("gal2.jpg")

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